Inteligencia artificial en otorrinolaringología: estado actual y perspectivas a futuro / Artificial intelligence in otolaryngology: current status and future perspectives

La inteligencia artificial posee una larga historia, llena de innovaciones que han dado como resultado diferentes recursos diagnósticos de alto rendimiento, que se encuentran disponibles actualmente. En este artículo se presenta una revisión sobre la inteligencia artificial y sus aplicaciones en medicina. El trabajo se centra en la especialidad de otorrinolaringología con el objetivo de informar a la comunidad médica la importancia y las aplicaciones más destacadas en los diferentes procesos diagnósticos dentro de la especialidad. Incluimos una sección para el análisis del estado actual de la inteligencia artificial en otorrinolaringología en Chile, así como los desafíos a enfrentar a futuro para utilizar la inteligencia artificial en la práctica médica diaria.

Artificial intelligence has a long history full of innovations that have resulted in different high-performance diagnostic resources currently available. This work has reviewed the artificial intelligence definition and its applications to medicine. We focused our review on otolaryngology's specialty to inform the medical community of the importance and the most relevant applications in the different diagnostic processes. We include an analysis of the current state of artificial intelligence in otolaryngology in Chile, and the challenges to be faced in the future to use artificial intelligence into daily medical practice.

Trastorno del procesamiento sensorial. Una mirada conjunta desde la terapia ocupacional y la otorrinolaringología / Sensory processing disorder. A vision statement from occupational therapy and otolaryngology

Resumen El trastorno del procesamiento sensorial (TPS) es una condición frecuente, pero poco conocida por muchos profesionales de la salud. El procesamiento sensorial se define como la capacidad que posee el sistema nervioso central de interpretar y organizar las sensaciones del propio cuerpo y del ambiente, para su uso efectivo en el entorno mediante respuestas adaptativas. Por lo tanto, cualquier disfunción en el procesamiento (registro, modulación y/o discriminación) de estos estímulos se expresa como una respuesta desadaptativa, siendo significativo cuando esta impacta en la vida diaria del paciente. Es deber del médico sospechar este trastorno, acogiendo al paciente y su familia, derivando oportunamente a terapia ocupacional para su correcta evaluación y eventual manejo de acuerdo con las necesidades de cada paciente.

Abstract Sensory processing disorder (SPD) is an unknown condition for many health care professionals. Sensory processing is defined as the capacity of the central nervous system to interpretate and organize sensations from our own body and from the environment, for their proper use by adaptive responses. Any dysfunction in this processing (registration, modulation and or discrimination) is expressed by a maladaptive response, being considered abnormal when this response has a negative impact in the patient's daily activities. Is our duty as health care workers to suspect this disorder, help our patients and their families by doing a proper referral to an occupational therapist for their evaluation and management, according to each patient needs.

Errores innatos de la inmunidad: ¿Qué debe saber y cuándo debe sospechar el otorrinolaringólogo? / Inborn errors of immunity: What should the otolaryngologist know, and when to suspect them?

Introducción: Los errores innatos de la inmunidad, previamente conocidos como inmunodeficiencias primarias, son un grupo heterogéneo de patologías cuya presentación clínica incluye infecciones recurrentes, persistentes o refractarias al tratamiento en el campo de la otorrinolaringología. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura a partir de la búsqueda de documentos en PUBMED y EMBASE. Discusión y conclusiones: Los pacientes con sospecha de error innato de la inmunidad requieren un diagnóstico temprano con el fin de disminuir las complicaciones a largo plazo, por lo que la valoración y el abordaje inicial desempeñan un papel fundamental en el reconocimiento de estas enfermedades.

Introduction: Inborn errors of immunity, previously known as primary immunodeficiencies, are a heterogeneous group of pathologies whose clinical presentation includes recurrent, persistent and/or refractory infections to treatment in otorhinolaryngology. Materials and methods: Narrative review of the literature was carried out from the search for articles in PUBMED and EMBASE. Discussion and conclusions: Patients with suspected inborn error of immunity require an early diagnosis to reduce long-term complications; the initial assessment and approach play a fundamental role in the recognition of these diseases

Egresos hospitalarios por enfermedades otorrinolaringológicas, Chile 2018 / Hospital discharges for otorhinolaryngological diseases, Chile 2018

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades otorrinolaringológicas presentan una alta prevalencia en la población, lo que obliga continuamente a estudiar sus características epidemiológicas. Una forma de estimarlo a nivel país es a través de los egresos hospitalarios. Objetivo: Describir las principales causas de egresos hospitalarios por enfermedades otorrinolaringológicas a nivel nacional durante el año 2018. Material y Método: Estudio transversal donde se describen las distintas frecuencias de las principales causas de egresos hospitalarios por causa otorrinolaringológica en todo Chile durante el año 2018. Datos obtenidos del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información en Salud (DEIS). Resultados: Se incluyeron 64.715 egresos con una mediana de edad de 22 años. Las patologías con mayor cantidad de egresos fueron la enfermedad crónica de amígdalas y adenoides (28,4%), patología rinosinusal (23,3%), neoplasias de cabeza y cuello (15,2%) y oído (7,8%). Conclusión: La enfermedad crónica de amígdalas y adenoides persiste como la patología con más egresos. Emergen en importancia enfermedades neoplásicas y diagnósticos relacionados con mejora de calidad de vida. Existen errores de codificación de diagnósticos que requieren discusión dentro de la especialidad para mejorar la calidad del registro.

Abstract Introduction: Otolaryngological diseases have a high prevalence in the population, creating the need to continuously study their epidemiological characteristics. One way to estimate prevalence at the country level, is to check hospital discharges. Aim: To describe the main causes of hospital discharges due to otolaryngological diseases at the Chilean level during 2018. Material and Method: Cross-sectional study describing the different frequencies of the main causes of hospital discharge due to otolaryngological diseases throughout Chile during 2018. Data obtained from the Department of Health Statistics and Information (DEIS). Results: 64,715 discharges were included with a median age of 22 years. The pathologies with the highest number of discharges were chronic tonsil and adenoids Disease (28.4%), rhinosinusal (23.3%), head and neck neoplasms (15.2%) and ear (7.8%). Conclusion: Chronic tonsil and adenoids disease persists as the pathology with the most discharges. Neoplastic diseases and diagnoses related to improvement of quality of life emerge in importance. There are errors in the coding of diagnoses that require discussion within the specialty to improve the quality of the registry.

Criterios de inelegibilidad al uso de platinos en cáncer otorrinolaringológico, Guías 2021 / Criteria for ineligibility for the use of platinums in otorhino-laryngological cancer, Guidelines 2021

Introducción: el uso de sales de platinos en patologías oncológicas es ampliamente usado, una de las preocupaciones de los profesionales de la salud es la presencia de eventos adversos en este grupo de pacientes que suelen ser vulnerables, por lo que es necesario la generación de consensos para realizar una selección óptima de pacientes candidatos a terapias basadas en platinos Objetivo: Realizar un consenso de expertos para la inelegibilidad al uso de platinos de acuerdo a varios criterios para realizar un tratamiento óptimo de acuerdo a la selección y categorización de pacientes Pregunta de salud cubierta por la Guía: ¿Qué pacientes portadores de cáncer de origen otorrinolaringológico no son elegibles para tratamiento con platinos? Población: La población objetivos son pacientes adultos con cáncer otorrinolaringológico. Resultados: Se establecieron consensos para la inelegibilidad al uso de platinos sobre los siguientes criterios: Edad >70 años, ECOG >1, Pérdida involuntaria de peso >20%, función auditiva "borderline": alteraciones Grado I, Alteraciones neurológicas Grado I, Trastornos de la función renal: CrCL <60 ml/min, Alteración hepática ≥ grado II Child-Pugh B, Comorbilidades: diabetes, HTA, alteraciones pulmonares, anemia e Insuficiencia cardiaca

Introduction: the use of platinum salts in oncological pathologies is widely used, one of the concerns of health professionals is the presence of adverse events in this group of patients who are usually vulnerable, so it is necessary to generate of consensus to make an optimal selection of candidate patients for platinum-based therapies Objective: To carry out a consensus of experts for the ineligibility for the use of points according to several criteria to carry out an optimal treatment according to the selection and categorization of patients Health question covered by the Guide: Which patients with otorhinolringological origin cancer are not eligible for treatment with platinums? Population: The target population is adult patients with ENT cancer. Results: consensus was established for the ineligibility for the use of lenses on the following crite-ria: Age> 70 years, ECOG> 1, Involuntary weight loss> 20%, "borderline" hearing function: Grade I al-terations, Neurological alterations Grade I, Renal function disorders: CrCL <60 ml / min, Hepatic im-pairment ≥ grade II Child-Pugh B, Comorbidities: diabetes, hypertension, pulmonary disorders, anemia and heart failure.

Apport de la tomodensitométrie dans la pathologie ORL non traumatique au centre hospitalier universitaire de Brazzaville / NA

Objectif: décrire l'apport de la tomodensitométrie dans la pathologie ORL non traumatique. Méthodologie : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale et descriptive allant de mai 2003 à janvier 2017 soit 13 ans et 8 mois, au CHU de Brazzaville. Nous avons inclus dans notre étude tous les patients ayant présentés une pathologie ORL, pour laquelle le bilan diagnostique nécessitait la réalisation d'une tomodensitométrie. Résultats : la fréquence de prescription de la TDM en ORL représentait 3,5%. L'âge moyen 38,2 ± 18,2 ans. Le sexe masculin représentait 59%. La TDM était utile dans le diagnostic devant 51,90% des signes fonctionnels, 48,10% du syndrome tumoral. L'atteinte rhinosinusienne représentait 59,5% suivie du pharynx 17,8%. La pathologie infectieuse représentait 63% (sinusite 51%) et la pathologie tumorale 37% (tumeur du cavum 18%). Conclusion: La prescription de la tomodensitométrie dans les pathologies ORL reste faible. Les indications et les lésions observées sont multiples. La TDM reste un moyen d'exploration complémentaire utile dans la pathologie tumorale qu'infectieuse.

Objective: To describe the contribution of CT scans in non-traumatic ENT pathology. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study from May 2003 to January 2017 (13 years and 8 months), at the University Hospital of Brazzaville. We included in our study all patients who presented an ENT pathology for which the diagnostic work-up required a CT scan. Results: The frequency of prescription of CT in ENT represented 3.5%. The average age of the patients was 38.2 ± 18.2 years. Males accounted for 59%. CT was useful in the diagnosis of 51.90% of the functional signs and 48.10% of the tumour syndrom. Rhinosinus involvement accounted for 59.5%, followed by the pharynx for 17.8%. Infectious pathology represented 63% (sinusitis 51%) and tumour pathology 37% (cavum tumour 18%). Conclusion: The prescription of CT scans in ENT pathologies remains low. The indications and lesions observed are multiple. CT remains a useful complementary means of exploration in tumour and infectious pathology.

Pathologies ORL de l'enfant: aspects épidémio-cliniques et prévention primaire / Children ent pathologies: epidemio-clinical profiles and primary prevention

Introduction : les pathologies ORL de l'enfant sont multiples et diversifiées. Le cout élevé de leur prise en charge ainsi que l'accessibilité limitée aux soins démontrent la nécessité de renforcer la prévention. Le but de travail était de recenser les aspects épidémio-cliniques des affections ORL de l'enfant et d'en analyser les mesures de prévention primaire. Méthode : l'étude s'est déroulée dans le service d'ORL-CCF du CNHU de Cotonou. Elle a été descriptive avec un recrutement prospectif du 1er Janvier au 30 Juin 2018. Ont été inclus les enfants de 0 à 18 ans reçus en consultation ORL. Les données cliniques ont été analysées. Résultats : les enfants ont représenté 25,79 % des consultants (311 enfants sur 1206 patients). L'âge moyen était de 7,20 ± 5,36 ans et 164 parmi eux (52,73 %) étaient de sexe masculin. Les pathologies observées étaient : infectieuses/inflammatoires 181 cas (58,20 %), traumatiques 56 cas (18 %), fonctionnelles 26 cas (8,36 %), tumorales 20 cas (6,43 %), malformatives 17 cas (5,47 %) et vasculaires 11 cas (3,54 %). Les dix principales pathologies ORL infantiles étaient : otites moyennes aiguës 60 cas (19,29 %), corps étrangers ORL 47 cas (15,11 %), hypertrophies amygdaliennes 36 cas (11,58 %), rhinopharyngites 21 cas (06,75 %), amygdalites 19 cas (6,11 %), hypoacousies isolées 18 cas (5,79 %), rhinites 17 cas (5,47 %), freins de langue 9 cas (2,89 %), adénopathies cervicales 7 cas (2,25 %) et otite externe 5 cas (1,61 %). Conclusion : Les pathologies ORL de l'enfant sont fréquentes en consultation. Elles sont dominées par les infections et les traumatismes. Le suivi rigoureux du calendrier vaccinal et les sensibilisations sur les règles d'hygiène de vie des enfants pourraient contribuer à la réduction de leurs incidences

ENT pathologies in children are multiple and diverse. The high cost of their care and the limited accessibility to care demonstrate the need to strengthen prevention. The aim of the work was to identify the epidemiological and clinical aspects of ENT disorders in children and to analyze their primary prevention measures. Method: The study was conducted in the Department of Ear-Nose-Throat Head and Neck Surgery (ENT HNS-CFS) of the National University Hospital Center of Cotonou. It was a descriptive study realized through a prospective enrollment. We included in this study, children aged from 0 to 18 years that were received in the ENT's consultation during the period from January 1st to June 30th, 2018. Socio-demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Results: Children represented 25.79% of the consultants (311 children among 1206 patients). The mean age was 7.20 ± 5.36 years and 164 among them (52.73%) were male. The pathologies identified were: the infectious / inflammatory pathologies with 181 cases (58.20%), the traumatic ones with 56 cases (18%), functional with 26 cases (8.36%), tumoral with 20 cases (6,43%), malformations with 17 cases (5.47%), and vascular pathologies with 11 cases (3.54%). The ten most common childhood ENT diseases were: acute otitis media with 60 cases (19.29%), ENT foreign bodies with 47 cases (15.11%), tonsil hypertrophies with 36 cases (11.58%), Rhinopharyngitis with 21 cases (06.75%), tonsillitis with 19 cases (6.11%), isolated hearing loss with 18 cases (5.79%), rhinitis with 17 cases (5.47%), tongue brakes with 9 cases (2.89%), cervical lymphadenopathies with 7 cases (2.25%) and external otitis with 5 cases (1.61%). Conclusion: The ENT pathologies of the child are frequent in consultation. They are dominated by infections and trauma. Rigorous monitoring of the immunization schedule and raising awareness of healthy lifestyle rules for children could help reduce their impacT

Evaluación pretrasplante en otorrinolaringología / Pretransplant evaluation in otolaryngology

Resumen Los pacientes trasplantados presentan mayor vulnerabilidad a complicaciones infecciosas, no solo debido al uso de drogas inmunosupresoras, sino que también, a las enfermedades subyacentes que presentan y a la falla de órganos primarios. A pesar de que las infecciones otorrinolaringológicas no son frecuentes en estos pacientes, es importante establecer un adecuado estudio y tratamiento de ellas. A través del siguiente artículo se aportan directrices en el estudio pretrasplante desde un enfoque otorrinolaringológico, generando recomendaciones de acuerdo a la patología del paciente y el órgano a trasplantar. Si bien, las recomendaciones se realizan según evaluación rinosinusal, otológica y faringoamigdalina, una adecuada anamnesis y examen físico son los pilares de la evaluación pretrasplante en otorrinolaringología, reservándose el estudio con imágenes para aquellos pacientes con alteraciones sospechosas.

Abstract Transplanted patients have higher frequency of infectious complications, not only due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs, but also the underlying diseases that present and the failure of primary organs. Although ear, nose and throat (ENT) infections are not frequent in these patients, it is important to establish an adequate study and treatment of them. Through the following article, guidelines are provided in the pretransplant study from an ENT approach, generating recommendations according to the pathology of the patient and the organ to be transplanted. Although, the recommendations are made according to rhinosinusal, otological and pharyngotonsiline evaluation, adequate anamnesis and physical examination are the pillars of the pretransplant evaluation in otolaryngology, reserving the study with images for patients with suspicious alterations.

Caracterización de las manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en pacientes con infección por VIH/Sida en la ciudad de Cartagena / Characterization of the otorrinolaringological manifestations in patients with HIV/AIDS infection in the city of Cartagena

Introducción: en Colombia, la incidencia por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) ha ido en aumento; la ciudad de Cartagena tiene una de las más altas del país. Las manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en personas con VIH se estiman entre un 20%-80%, lo que genera un gran impacto en la calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar las características epidemiológicas y las manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en un grupo de personas con VIH/Sida de la ciudad de Cartagena. Metodología: diseño observacional descriptivo de corte transversal y prospectivo. Se recolectó información de pacientes con VIH de la ciudad de Cartagena, que asistieron a dos centros médicos. Se les aplicó un cuestionario para obtener datos epidemiológicos, signos y síntomas otorrinolaringológicos, así como un examen físico otorrinolaringológico completo. Resultados: se incluyeron 150 pacientes en el estudio, con una media de edad de 31 años, 59,3% del género masculino y 40,7% del femenino. El antecedente patológico no otorrinolaringológico más frecuente fue la coinfección por sífilis en un 10%; el otorrinolaringológico fue la sinusitis y la candidiasis oral, cada uno con un 3,3%. El 73% de los pacientes manifestó alteración otorrinolaringológica en el momento de la evaluación. Las más frecuentes fueron las otológicas, con el 39,9% de los pacientes. Además, se observó una relación estadísticamente significativa entre los conteos de CD4 y hallazgos como disfonía en laringe (p = 0,045). Conclusiones: las manifestaciones otológicas fueron las más frecuentes en nuestro medio y se encontró una relación entre el conteo de CD4 y las manifestaciones laríngeas de la enfermedad.

Introduction: In Colombia, the incidence of the disease has been increasing and Cartagena has the highest numbers of the country. Otorhinolaryngological manifestations in people with HIV/AIDS are estimated between 20%-80% generating a great impact on quality of life. Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics and otorhinolaryngological manifestations in a group of people with HIV / AIDS in the city of Cartagena. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective design. Information was collected from patients with HIV from the city of Cartagena who attended 2 medical centers, a questionnaire was applied to obtain epidemiological data, otorhinolaryngological signs and symptoms, as well as a complete otorhinolaryngological physical examination. Results: 150 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 31 years, 59.3% male and 40.7% female. The most frequent non-otorhinolaryngological pathological antecedent was syphilis coinfection in 10% and otorhinolaryngological, sinusitis and oral candidiasis each with 3.3%. 73% of the patients at the time of the evaluation manifested otorhinolaryngological alteration, the otological ones being the most frequent with 39.9% of the patients. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between CD4 counts and findings such as laryngeal dysphonia (p = 0.045). Conclusions: The otological manifestations were the most frequent in our environment and a relationship was found between the CD4 count and the laryngeal manifestations of the disease.

Intervención fonoaudiológica en artistas: hacia una mirada completa de intervención vocal / Voice Therapy Intervention on artists: towards a complete look at vocal intervention

Hoy en día el conocimiento avanza a pasos agigantados. Cada vez hay más fonoau-diólogos en diversas áreas de la profesión. Llama la atención de muchos el área ar-tística, pues es un área poco explorada y amplia. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de reflexionar sobre la intervención vocal en artistas (cantantes, actores y otros). Su im-plementación debe comprender una mirada completa de la persona: voz, fisiología, fisiopatología, emociones, rol, aspectos médicos, farmacológicos y características in-dividuales. Esto promueve la adherencia de un profesional de la voz a su área de conocimiento y genera un espacio de sanidad, exploración y libertad artística en términos actuales, incluso en medio de una pandemia

Nowadays the knowledge is advancing by leaps and bounds. The number of Speech Pathologists in different areas of the profession has increased. The artistic area calls the attention of many, because it is a hardly explored and wide area. This article aims to reflect on vocal intervention on artists (singers, actors and others). Its imple-mentation should include a thorough overview of the person: voice, physiology, phy-siopathology, emotions, role, medical and pharmacological aspects and individual characteristics. This promotes the adhesion of a voice professional to their area of its own knowledge, thus allowing a space for healing, exploration and artistic freedom in current terms, even in the midst of a pandemic

Enfrentamiento práctico a patologías otorrinolaringológicas frecuentes durante el embarazo, una revisión de la literatura / Treatment of frequent otorhinolaryngological pathologies during pregnancy, a review of the literature

RESUMEN Durante el embarazo ocurren una serie de cambios, como edema y disminución de la actividad ciliar en la mucosa respiratoria alta, que pueden favorecer la aparición de síntomas y patologías del área otorrinolaringológica. La eficacia de los tratamientos farmacológicos en la rinitis del embarazo es pobre. El tratamiento de primera línea de la rinitis alérgica son los corticoides intranasales. Existe evidencia sobre la seguridad en el embarazo para furoato de fluticasona, mometasona y budesonida intranasal. El tratamiento del resfrio común está enfocado en el manejo sintomático, los antinflamatorios no esteroidales están contraindicados. En rinosinusitis aguda bacteriana la amoxicilina es de primera línea. En rinosinusitis crónica el manejo quirúrgico está reservado sólo para las complicaciones. Tanto la otitis media aguda como la amigdalitis aguda deben ser tratadas con antibióticos sólo si se sospecha origen bacteriano, el esquema de primera linea es amoxicilina y en caso de alergias se debe usar cefpodoxime o azitromicina. En caso de otorrea no existe evidencia sobre la seguridad de las gotas de antibióticos ótico durante el embarazo. Múltiples medicamentos utilizados habitualmente en otorrinolaringologia no pueden ser usados durante el embarazo. Se debe privilegiar la seguridad materno fetal, utilizando aquellos medicamentos con seguridad demostrada.

ABSTRACT During pregnancy a series of changes occur, such as edema and decreased ciliary activity in the upper respiratory mucosa, which may favor the appearance of symptoms and pathologies of the otorhinolaryngological area. The efficacy of pharmacological treatments in rhinitis of pregnancy is poor. The first-line treatment of allergic rhinitis is intranasal corticosteroids. There is evidence on safety in pregnancy for fluticasone furoate, mometasone and intranasal budesonide. The treatment of the common cold is focused on symptomatic management, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are contraindicated. In acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, amoxicillin is first-line. In chronic rhino-sinusitis in surgical management is reserved only for complications. Both acute otitis media and acute tonsillitis should be treated with antibiotics only if bacterial origin is suspected, the first-line treatment is amoxicillin, in the case of allergies, cefpodoxime or azithromycin should be used. In case of otorrhea there is no evidence on the safety of otic antibiotic drops during pregnancy. Conclusion: multiple medications commonly used in otorhinolaryngology cannot be used during pregnancy. Maternal and fetal safety should be privileged, using those medications with proven safety.

Association of Particulate Matter With ENT Diseases

No abstract available.

The Effects of Air Pollutants on the Prevalence of Common Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases in South Korea: A National Population-Based Study

OBJECTIVES: The effects of air pollutants on upper airway disease development have been seldom studied. In this study, we evaluated the effects of air pollution on the prevalence of ENT diseases. METHODS: We identified cases of ENT disease occurring in 2009, as recorded by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and explored their associations with the levels of five air pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM₁₀ particles; particulates ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter). Subjects diagnosed with at least one of the five studied ENT diseases were included in analysis, but those aged under 19 years were excluded. Linear associations between ENT disease frequency and pollutant levels were evaluated by calculating Spearman correlations. After adjusting for age, gender, and geographic region, multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: A total of 7,399 subjects with ENT diseases were identified. A linear association was evident between PM₁₀ concentration and the frequency of septal deviation (Spearman coefficient, 0.507; P=0.045). After adjustment, the PM₁₀ level was associated with high odds ratios for chronic rhinosinusitis (1.22; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.46) and septal deviation (1.43; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.67). Both of these conditions were more prevalent in males. CONCLUSION: We found that increased ambient concentrations of PM₁₀ particles were clearly associated with increased the risk of chronic rhinosinusitis and septal deviation; the exposure-response relationship was definitive.

Manifestations oto-rhino-laryngologiques des maladies systémiques

Les atteintes oto-rhino-laryngologiques sont parmi les plus fréquentes des manifestations observées dans les maladies systémiques et rhumatologiques. Une grande variété de pathologies a été décrite telles que la polychondrite atrophiante, certaines granulomatoses et connectivites ou la sarcoïdose. Dans d'autres cas, l'atteinte ORL est plus rare mais peut, parfois, révéler la maladie et poser des difficultés diagnostiques. Une étroite collaboration entre spécialistes ORL, rhumatologues et internistes est indispensable pour améliorer l'approche diagnostique et thérapeutique chez ces patients

Head and neck manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a retrospective analysis of 19 patients and review of the literature

Introduction: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) is a small vessel vasculitis characterized by a necrositing granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and focal/proliferative glomerulonephritis. In more than 70% of the cases, the presenting symptoms are head and neck manifestations that are often misdiagnosed as infectious or allergic in etiology. Objective: The present study provides an analysis of head and neckmanifestations in a series of patients diagnosed with GPA. It also evaluates their medical and surgical treatment and provides a review of the relevant literature. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 19 patients diagnosed with GPA at a public tertiary care hospital between 2006 and 2017 was performed. Results: A total of 19 patients were included in the present study, and 16 of them presented head and neck manifestations. Sinonasal symptoms were the most common, affecting 56% of the patients, followed by laryngotracheal (31.25%) and ear (25%) symptoms. In 7 patients, sinonasal symptoms were the first manifestation of the disease (43.75%). Four patients underwent surgery at some stage of the disease. Conclusions: Head and neck involvement is common in GPA and may stand for the first or the onlymanifestation of the disease. The otolaryngologists play a central role in the diagnosis and long-term treatment of these patients, and they have to keep this pathology in mind when treating patients with ENT symptoms that do not respond as expected to the treatment (AU)

Analysis of the Forensic Identification of Medical Disputes Related to 22 Cases of Death from Otolaryngology Diseases / 法医学杂志

Objective To discuss the causes and precautionary measures of the risks of relevant medical disputes by analyzing 22 cases of death from otolaryngology diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis of 22 judicial expertise cases of medical disputes related to death from otolaryngology diseases accepted by Chongqing Zhengding Judicial Appraisal Institute and Academy of Forensic Science during 2008-2018 were made. Results Of the 22 cases, the male to female ratio was 3.4∶1. The age of death was from 1.3 to 76 years old, with an average age of 45.3 years. There were 28 medical institutions involved, of which 71.4% were tertiary medical institutions. Statistics for death causes showed that respiratory asphyxia accounted for 50%. Conclusion Forensic identification provides an important scientific basis for medical disputes cases related to otolaryngology diseases. It also has an important reference value for medical institutions to optimize the work procedure of diagnosis and treatment of otolaryngology diseases and improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment.

Actualización en el manejo del síndrome de Turner en niñas y adolescentes: revisión de la literatura e Incorporación de recomendaciones de las nuevas guías clínicas / Update on the management of Turner syndrome in girls and adolescents: review of the literature and incorporation of recommendations of the new clinical guidelines

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common disorder (1/2.000 women) that affects multiple organs at different stages of life and needs a multidisciplinary approach. It can be present in women of all ethnicities and is caused by a monosomy of the X chromosome that causes a haploinsufficiency of certain genes. Its main features consist of specific but variables physical characteristics, congenital heart defects, renal anomalies, middle and inner ear diseases, skeletal alterations, and from the endocrinological point of view, short stature and ovarian insufficiency. Given the comorbidities associated with TS, it has been estimated that they have an increased risk of mortality (up to 3 times more) and a reduction in life expectancy of approximately 13 years. Depending on the genotype, the abnormalities can become very subtle, in these cases the diagnosis is late, when the adolescent consults, for example, for primary amenorrhea or an adult woman for infertility. Once the diagnosis is confirmed by a karyotype, these patients must remain in pediatric control in a continuous way to investigate associated pathologies in a timely manner, with periodic evaluations by specialists, such as otolaryngologists, cardiologists, neurologists and endocrinologists, among others. Numerous advances in the care of these patients gave rise to new guidelines published in 2017. In this article we will comment on the main conditions associated with TS and its specific etiology, we will mention what is relevant regarding the genotype-phenotype relationship in this syndrome and we will discuss the fundamental aspects of the control of the TS patient, with emphasis on the treatment of short stature and ovarian insufficiency, as well as the cardiovascular aspects and those related to fertility.

El Síndrome de Turner (ST) es una patología frecuente (1/2.000 mujeres) que afecta múltiples órganos en distintas etapas de la vida y necesita un enfoque multidisciplinario. Se produce por una monosomía del cromosoma X que provoca una haploinsuficiencia de determinados genes. Sus características principales consisten en un fenotipo característico pero variable, con presencia de cardiopatías congénitas, anomalías renales, enfermedades del oído medio e interno, alteraciones esqueléticas, y del punto de vista endocrinológico, talla baja e insuficiencia ovárica. Dadas las comorbilidades asociadas al ST, principalmente cardiovasculares (CV), presentan mayor mortalidad con respecto a la población general (hasta 3 veces más). Dependiendo del genotipo, las anomalías pueden llegar a ser muy sutiles, realizándose en estos casos el diagnóstico en forma tardía, cuando la adolescente consulte, por ejemplo, por amenorrea primaria o una mujer adulta por infertilidad. Una vez confirmado el diagnóstico mediante un cariotipo, estas pacientes deben permanecer en control endocrinológico pediátrico en forma continua hasta la transición hacia adultos, con el fin de pesquisar patologías asociadas en forma oportuna. Por ello requieren evaluaciones periódicas por especialistas, tales como otorrinolaringólogos, cardiólogos, neuropsiquiatras, entre otros. Numerosos avances en el cuidado de estas pacientes, dieron origen a nuevas guías publicadas el 2017. En este artículo comentaremos sobre las principales condiciones asociadas al ST y su etiología específica, mencionaremos lo relevante respecto a la relación genotipo-fenotipo en este síndrome y discutiremos los aspectos fundamentales del control de la paciente con ST, haciendo énfasis en el tratamiento de la talla baja y la insuficiencia ovárica, así como los aspectos CV y los relacionados a fertilidad.

Do Otolaryngology Patients Show Gender Preference When Choosing a Surgeon? — A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

Abstract Introduction Otorhinolaryngology has always been considered a gender-neutral specialty, whereas in several other specialties, such as obstetrics, gynecology and urology, gender preference has been consistently shown by patients when choosing their treating surgeon. To date, no study has been performed to analyze whether this practice of gender preference is prevalent in otorhinolaryngology patients too. Objectives To identify if gender preference exists in the field of otorhinolaryngology, specifically in its four subspecialties, namely otology, pediatric otolaryngology, laryngology and head and neck surgery. Methods Patients attending our outpatient department were asked to complete a preformed proforma. The pro forma consisted of two parts, demographic details of the subjects and gender preference in the following subspecialties: otology, pediatric otolaryngology, laryngology and head and neck oncosurgery. Results A total of 1,112 subjects took part in the study, out of which 1,089 subjects were included in the final analysis. Female gender preference was highest in the field of pediatric otolaryngology, while male preference was highest for head and neck oncosurgery. Conclusion Though otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery has been considered a gender-neutral field, subspecialties of this field show considerable gender preference.